What is the Difference Between Neurons and Neuroglia?

Neurons and neuroglia are the two main types of cells in the nervous system. They have distinct functions and characteristics:

Neurons:

• Receive and transmit nerve impulses.
• Have two types of processes: dendrons and axons.
• Form synapses between two neurons or between neurons and sensory or effector organs.
• Classified into three types: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
• Typically have a cell body, dendrites, and a long process called an axon.
• The number of neurons remains constant with age.
• Are larger, ranging from 4 μm to 1 mm in size.

Neuroglia:

• Provide mechanical and structural support to neurons.
• Do not form synapses.
• Support neurons by supplying nutrients, removing toxins, and holding them in place with myelin sheaths around their long, thin axons.
• Include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, and ependymal cells in the central nervous system (CNS).
• Include Schwann cells and satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
• Are capable of multiplying.
• The quantity of neuroglia decreases with age.
• Are smaller than neurons.

Diseases or disorders caused by problems with neurons or neuroglia include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.

Comparative Table: Neurons vs Neuroglia

Here is a table comparing the differences between neurons and neuroglia:

Neurons are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses and are involved in signal transduction, while neuroglia provide support and protection to neurons by supplying nutrients, removing toxins, and holding them in place with myelin sheaths around their long, thin axons.