What is the Difference Between Nicotinamide Riboside and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide?

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) are both precursors to NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), an essential molecule for metabolism and cellular processes. The main differences between NR and NMN are:

1. Cellular absorption: NR can enter cells directly, while NMN cannot. NMN must be converted to NR before it can enter the cell.
2. Scientific research: NR has been more extensively studied than NMN, and some of the field's leading researchers have published studies demonstrating that NMN must be converted to NR before it can enter mammalian cells. However, both molecules have been shown to safely and effectively increase NAD+ levels when taken as a supplement.
3. Regulatory acceptance: NMN has faced regulatory challenges, with the United States Food and Drug Administration stating that NMN is no longer allowed to be sold in supplement products. Niagen, a patented form of NR, continues to be a science-backed dietary supplement ingredient proven to increase NAD+ levels.

Despite these differences, both NR and NMN have been shown to increase NAD+ levels in the body when taken as a supplement. Research indicates that supplementation with either molecule can extend lifespan and promote health in aged animals by restoring NAD+ levels. Some experts suggest taking both NR and NMN to ensure that NAD+ levels can be raised in different cell types.

Comparative Table: Nicotinamide Riboside vs Nicotinamide Mononucleotide

Here is a table comparing the differences between Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN):

Both NR and NMN are biosynthetic precursors to NAD+, an essential molecule for metabolism. They have similar molecular structures, but NMN has an added phosphate group, making it a larger molecule than NR. Some scientists believe that NMN is too large to cross cellular membranes and must convert to NR before entering cells, where NAD+ biosynthesis occurs. Research into the potential benefits of both molecules is ongoing, and they have been linked to anti-aging effects and increased NAD+ levels in various studies.